Springback in V-bending: Role of loading, force holding time, and heat treatment

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of bending load, load holding time, and heat treatment on springback in aluminum, mild steel, and stainless steel during V-bending operations. Experiments were conducted using a universal testing machine equipped with a 90° V-die to measure springback under varying loads, holding times, and heat treatments (annealing, normalizing, and quenching). The results indicate that increased loading and holding time reduce springback, with aluminum exhibiting the highest and stainless steel the lowest. Heat treatment significantly influences springback, with annealing proving most effective in minimizing springback and enhancing dimensional stability. Error analysis confirmed the reliability of the results, with deviations within 2–3% of the mean. The study concludes that optimizing these parameters can improve process reliability and product quality in metal-forming. However, factors such as tool wear, lubrication, and environmental conditions were not considered in this study.